Systematic review for informed consent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Systematic review for informed consent - Essay Example Based on these factors every systemic review research is prone criticism, in addition, the same principle applies to primary research. Apart from the possibility of making unintentional errors, researchers conducting systemic reviews may make mistakes which are largely influenced by the publication aspirations. This is referred to as publication bias, and often involves the alteration or misguided opinion on results by researchers as they attempt to attain positive results for their work to be published (Petticrew & Roberts, 2006). Researchers also have the professional obligation to constantly update their knowledge as there are constantly new developments in science and certain information may be out of date. Therefore, recommendation by the Cochrane Collaboration state that reviews should be updated every two years and if an update is not conducted there should an explanation why updating was not carried out. According to Higgins and Greens (2009), the Cochrane Collaboration body states that researchers should search the literature for related subjects twice a year. Reviews are very strenuous and require a large amount of time and commitment hence there are also financial costs that must be considered. (Hopewell et al., 2007) as well as other resources have indicated that the financial costs include staffing and time allocation. The nature or type of study is also at the researcher’s discretion; these are mainly determined by the researcher’s personal beliefs or

Why Mixed Martial Arts is better the Boxing Essay

Why Mixed Martial Arts is better the Boxing - Essay Example The Brazilian Top Team has emerged as the most successful in the history of MMA (Sheridan, 92), closely followed by the American Top Team based in Florida (Sheridan, 112). On the other hand, boxing {decidedly better than the transparently put up fights by the exponents of professional wrestling} which was until recently the most avid followed aggressive sport in the country has slipped badly due to a variety of factors. Gone are the days when excited spectators thronged the route to the stadium, while those within the stadium paid homage to their boxing heroes like biblical masses (Rendall, 7). Boxing has now been reduced to preening, pompous gaited, one-dimensional public exhibitionists (Rendall, 29). People have traditionally been attracted to a sport that involves realistic, blood splattering aggression. In ancient times, the coliseums of Rome used to be filled to capacity during fights involving trained gladiators battling for their lives with swords, tridents, chains, nets, daggers and clubs {the recent Hollywood film The Gladiator starring Russell Crowe was a huge hit}. The famed bullfights of Spain where death-defying matadors take on massive bulls are a prime sport in that country, and a must-to-watch for those visiting it. Watching realistic, blood-spurting, spectacular fights stirs the caveman’s instinct within us as nothing else does. With its unique shock and awe approach, MMA satisfies the blood lust craving in sport. It is a ‘rough, rough’ sport where toughness is a vital ingredient (Sheridan, 48). It presents viewers with spectacular violence involving fights during which blood is splattered liberally and profusely, and where even limbs are broken frequently (Peterson) {the crab scissors throw or body scissors are the deadly techniques used to do this [Scott, 2]} as the fighters battle each other in an arena hemmed with black fencing ominously called

Water-astronomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Water-astronomy - Essay Example Seeing the detail on how everything works on earth has become the guiding point of inquisitive minds to understand further the mystery beyond the universe. Scientists found that the earth is just an integral component of a solar system ruled over by a star within the vast Milky Way. The Milky Way galaxy consists of millions of these stars, which means the odds of having a habitable planet, as earth is higher. However, there are still thousands of galaxies across the universe that based on supporting details from Einstein’s theory, have continue to move away from each other, leading to the point that the universe could be expanding at some point (Fang and Chu 97). Understanding these ideas about the universe could lead us to conclude that it could be so huge beyond our imagination. There are infinite possibilities out there that science continues to unearth. Scientists keep on to dig more theories and scientific proofs just to back up some essential ideas that could help them piece together the relevant information about the universe. For thousands of years, the existence in this universe remains a mystery to the humankind. While the earth is a physical proof that we could see, feel and touch, and that is integral part of the big part of the universe, scientists in most of their studies have based on their meaningful understanding by what they observed from this blue planet. This means they are trying to understand the whole part of information by starting from its very detailed component. This makes sense as a good guiding point in order to learn more about the universe. In fact, this analogy applies to our understanding about the entire water, for instance. We know about water and its importance, but most of us have a slightest idea that behind what we can see about the water is the presence of sub-atomic particles that are combined just to produce a liquid form of matter that has universal importance for the

Persuasive Communications, Campaigning and Public Opinion Essay

Persuasive Communications, Campaigning and Public Opinion - Essay Example The gay and lesbian community will voice their concerns regarding same sex marriage. In some states, the government upholds the right of people to enter into same sex marriages. On the other hand, other states are very conservatives. As conservatives, the states do not allow the lovers to enter into same sex marriages. Consequently, the government must indicate the many advantages of marrying someone from the opposite sex. Likewise, the government can explain the harsh side effects of same sex marriages. In some areas of society, the government includes the public’s demand for better health-related laws and policies (Price, 1992). The health-related laws include prohibiting the sale of marijuana, cocaine and other prohibited drugs. The health care laws cater to the public opinion stating that the people want to rid their communities from the menaces of dangerous drugs. Additionally, a town may generate a public opinion stating they do not want the pollution emanating from the nearby factory sites (Gonzalez, 2006). The government can use the public opinion as basis for issuing a government memorandum that instructs the factories to comply with environmental protection laws. The environmental protection laws must be implemented at all times. The environmental laws require the business establishments to reduce factory smoke exhaust to allowable levels. The companies’ compliance with the reduction of the smoke exhaust levels will create a positive public opinion among the residents of the affected communities. On the other hand, the same government policy to reduce the pollution exhaust levels of the factories may not generate a favorable public opinion among members of one sector of the community (Gonzalez, 2006). The sector is the group of companies that install the smoke exhaust pipes. By requiring the companies to install the exhaust pipes, the companies must allocate a huge amount of money to restructure the production building. The

Critical Reading Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical Reading Reflection - Essay Example The author starts by stating that â€Å"this is a hopeful book about those who fail.† (Rose, M., 2005 p. xi) and provides an account of the education system in America, so the book can be said to be a book about the hope the author holds for people who may be struggling with the American educational system. He goes on to stipulate that the low level of literacy skills in remedial students is not as a result of lack of intelligence but is rather due to insufficient economic and social conditions to support these students, as well as a history of poor education. The author believes that educators should have more confidence in the literacy abilities of such students and that there must be greater equality as regards educational opportunities in America. This book details the story of how the author learned to read, write and think critically, and how he came to start teaching others to also be able to read, write and think in a critical way. This book can be divided into two sec tions. The first section discusses the author’s journey as a student, and as a teacher. In this first section Rose learns to read, analyze and write, while engaging critically with text, and making use of language in a correct manner. In the second section, Rose learned how to teach to others these things he had learned as a student. The main connection between these sections is the connection that was made by the author himself about his own experiences. In the book, one can also feel the effect that the author’s teachers had on him. The teachers (Mr.Jonhson, Mr.Macfarland and Dr.Carothers) all affected the author’s experience and influenced his perspective about the issue of teaching. In the book, the author illustrates some examples of the perceived cultural and language barriers that students have to deal with from day to day, and discusses his experiences with students, including high school graduates with reading or writing difficulties. Due to the reading and writing difficulties faced by these students, they are usually branded as remedial students and therefore placed in special classes, regardless of the real causes of their inability to read and write at the predetermined level. These students may go through their school years, and even later into their adult lives bearing this stigma. In the first chapter, rose outlines the main issues about the American educational system, and his prognoses on these issues relegate the reasoning behind his opinions as stated in the book. The history and the policies that led to the ‘back to basics movement’ are also discussed, and it seems that educators and administrators in America believed that American students are a largely illiterate and insufficient group. Although the author does not directly challenge the necessity of examining the social and economic conditions in the educational system, he argues against â€Å"framing our indictments in terms of decline, a harsh, laced -with-doom assault, as insisting that our current educational standards do not meet or exceed the supposed perfection of past standards we lose the historical and social realities of American education† (Rose, M., 2005 p. 7). The author also argues against labelling some students as remedial students or punishing those that do not measure up to a false reality of success and advocates a better understanding of the cultural and social conditions that students face. Rose explains that the American society as a whole clings to

Career Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Career Development - Essay Example n Manager (SCM) includes managing orders, overseeing production, creating a feasible production schedule, coordinating production and distribution plans and overall planning and forecasting. Duties also include transportation planning and execution paying close attention to tracking. A successful SCM continually focus’ on strategic network optimization, supplier/purchaser relations and cost reductions. SCM’s diagnose potential economic indicators; evaluate reporting documentation quality and solve problems (â€Å"Supply Chain Management†, 2005). Supply chain management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion and all logistics management behaviors. It also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third-party service providers or customers. In essence, supply chain management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies. Logistics management is the element of supply chain management that plans, implements and controls the efficient forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers’ requirements (College of Business Administration, 2005). Many types of businesses and organizations most likely to employ supply chain managers include communication, consulting, military, manufacturing, retail, computer service, telecommunications and transportation firms, equipm ent manufacturers, print media, public warehouses and wholesale distributors (College of Business Administration, 2005). Companies such as Cisco Systems offer wall-to-wall management of chain supplies including procurement of product components, standard raw materials, customised supplies, and other goods needed to conducted business operation. This process includes selecting the supplier, submitting formal requests for goods and services

Ethical Concerns and Background for Tobacco Companies Essay

Ethical Concerns and Background for Tobacco Companies - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze the unethical actions of the tobacco industry. Cigarettes are one of the most addictive drugs in the world due to the fact that it contains nicotine. People that smoke cigarettes are slowing killing themselves since smoking causes lung cancer, heart diseases, and stroke among other diseases. Cigarette smoking causes the death of approximately 5 million per year and the number of yearly deaths is expected to climb to 8 million by the year 2030 (Cdv, 2012). The ethnic group that smokes the most in the United States is Indian Americans possibly due to the fact that tobacco smoking has been ingrained into their culture. One of the most unethical aspects about cigarette companies is the fact that people that do not smoke are at danger due to second hand smoking. It is estimated that 53,800 innocent people die each year from second hand smoking (No-smoke, 2012). The tobacco companies are willingly producing a product that puts at risk the health of the entire global population. Tobacco companies are generating billions of dollars in revenues, but the industry is not accountable for the damage it causes to society. The governments of all 210 countries around the world are suffering a major financial blow due to the actions of this unethical industry. It is estimated that the tobacco industry is costing society $193 billion a year in lost productivity and health care expenditures. Everyone suffers from this epidemic due to the fact that the medical expenses of ill people that suffer from lung cancer and other diseases caused by smoking are passed on to the payers of medical plans. The United States has one of the highest medical costs in the world. Since tobacco smoking does not discriminate between smokers and non-smokers nobody is safe. Tobacco smoking is extremely dangerous in certain demographic groups such as minors and pregnant women. Usually under age teenagers try cigarette smoking for the first time during hi gh school. Due to the addiction of the drug people that smoke early in life are more susceptible to becoming lifetime smokers. Some of the health problems caused by tobacco smoking among children and teens include coughing spells, frequent headaches, respiratory illnesses, reduced physical fitness, shortness of breath, and addiction to nicotine (Cancer, 2012). Adults that smoke should try to avoid smoking around children. Smoking is extremely dangerous for women that are pregnant. Smoking is harmful to the pregnant women and the unborn baby. Babies that are born from pregnant women that smoke are more likely to have birth defects and premature pregnancies. Pregnant women should also avoid being near smokers during pregnancy due to the fact that second hand smoking can also hurt the unborn child. One of the reasons that that tobacco companies are so powerful is due to the fact that governments place hefty taxes on the sale of cigarettes. In 2006 in the United States the government wa s generating $2 in taxes for every box of 20 cigarettes sold (Axdor, 2006). The government has become dependent on the tax revenues generated by cigarettes. Tobacco companies have also over their history utilized questionable advertising tactics. Their promotions make it seem as if smoking is something cool and safe when in reality it is a heath hazard. The time has come for the world to take a stronger stance