Ethics and The Truman Show Essay

In Psychological research, the importance of the building of trust and protection of individuals’ rights relies on the Code of Ethics. The Code of Ethics, compiled by The Australian Psychological Society (APS) provides guidelines that must be followed when working with people and animals in research situations and all other areas of professional practice (Grivas & Carter, 2005). The importance of maintaining several ethical standards is highlighted in the present discussion, with reference to the film The Truman Show (2008). The ethical standards include Confidentiality, Informed Consent, The Right to Withdraw and No Harm to Participants. Confidentiality and Informed Consent are all important ethical principles that are related to the film The Truman Show. Confidentiality is that participants have a right to privacy. This is important so participants’ private information is not shared with the whole world. An example of this being breached is when Truman is born in front of a world audience, on a TV show that millions of people are watching 24/7. Informed Consent is that wherever possible, the participants must be appropriately informed of what the study is about and the reasons it’s being conducted (Grivas & Carter, 2005). This ethical principle is important so that the participant knows what is going on. An example of this being violated in the film is that Truman does not know his life is a TV show, so he must not have been told the necessary details and reasons why the experiment is being conducted. Both of these main ethical standards, Confidentiality and Informed Consent are breached in the film Th e Truman Show. The Right to Withdraw and No Harm to Participants are both important ethical standards that are related to the film The Truman Show. The Right to Withdraw ensures that the participant knows that they are free to withdraw from the study at any time. This is important so that the participant doesn’t feel pressured to stay in the experiment if they change their mind and decide they do not want to participate any more. An example of this being violated in the film is when Truman wants to go to Fiji to escape his strange reality, and there are no plane flights until a few months away, so he cannot leave. No Harm To Participants is that participants must not be harmed in any way (Grivas & Carter, 2005). This is important so that  participants do not get mentally or physically harmed in the experiment. An example of this being breached in the film, is that Truman is mentally unwell because he was so unsure of what was going on around him. He began to feel a false sense of security, especially when he realised that the same things were happening each day, and the same people were popping in and out of his life everyday. Both of these main ethical principles are violated in the film The Truman Show. Ethics are important in psychological research because they ensure privacy and safety for the participants. The APS has compiled their own set of guidelines, known as the Code of Ethics. This set of standards includes a number of principles which must be followed in psychological studies. Some of these principles include Confidentiality, Informed Consent, The Right to Withdraw and No Harm to Participants. These standards are all related to the film The Truman Show, in which they are all violated. References Carter, L. & Grivas, J. (2005) Psychology for the VCE Student. Units 1and 2 (5th Ed.) Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. p. 81-88.

Business Studies with Specialisms Essay

Discuss the characteristics of the scientific method which makes it superior over other methods as a means of obtaining new and reliable knowledge Introduction Marketing research has borrowed liberally from other disciplines; this is not surprising because research methodologies and techniques have application over many fields of study. Like other emerging disciplines, marketing research theory has been developed by creative adaptation rather than blind adoption. The extent to which marketing theory has been built on borrowed concepts was noted some years ago by the Marketing Science Institute of America. Historically, most sciences started by borrowing their conceptual approach and general theoretical ideas from other sciences. Joyce1 has observed that: Market research is not a practice or study isolated from other practices or studies. It has drawn freely from certain expert academic fields and will no doubt continue to do so. Further, market research organisations make use of people with expert, specialist training – especially from those fields known broadly as ‘the social sciences ‘ – both as staff members and consultants. It took a long while to determine how is the world better investigated. One way is to talk about it. For example: Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, stated that males and females have different number of teeth, without bothering to check; he then provided long arguments as to why this is the way things ought to be. This method is unreliable: to determine whether a statement is correct it requires evidence. Debating over a subject or putting an argument forward does not qualify as proof. Consideration of the history of research methods requires a look at the history of science. What is Science? A basic question asked by many and answered in almost as many ways. Early roots of science begin with Plato (427-347 B.C.) and his search for everlasting truth and reality. James Randi2 defines science as: ‘a careful, disciplined, logical search for knowledge about any and all aspects of the universe, obtained by examination of the best available evidence. What’s left is magic. And it doesn’t work.’ We can define science as a methodical approach to the acquisition of knowledge. This important word distinguishes how a scientist works from how people learn about the world. Ross Koning3 has some personal observations: ‘Creation must have occurred because life was not always here. Science is merely saying creation was not sudden and is still on-going. Science does not deny existence of God, God just cannot be tested scientifically. Scientists are commonly very religious. Science is the acquisition of truth.’ Modern science is an amazing phenomenon, and curiosity of how it works will continue to occupy people’s minds. The Scientific Method On a broad level, science is a methodology for attaining knowledge, where knowledge is a form of belief distinct from mere opinion or uninformed guesswork. Science is not the knowledge gained through the approach; hence, knowledge can be gained through a variety of ways. Science seeks out better ways of representing our experiences. The experiences and their representation in a system of beliefs are termed, respectively, observation and theory. Recognizing that personal and cultural beliefs influence both our perceptions and our interpretations of natural phenomena, the aim is through the use of standard procedures and criteria to minimize those influences when developing a theory. A better approach is to do experiments and perform careful observations. The results of this approach are universal in the sense that they can be reproduced by any skeptic. It is from these ideas that the scientific method was developed. What is the â€Å"scientific method†? The scientific method is the best way yet discovered for scrutinizing the truth from lies and delusion. It is based upon evidence rather than belief. This distinguishes science from faith. The scientific method revolves around the following key steps: 1. Observe some aspect of the universe 2. Invent a tentative description, called a hypothesis, that is consistent with what you have observed 3. Use the hypothesis to predict the existence of other phenomena, or to predict quantitatively the results of new observations 4. Perform experimental tests of the predictions and modify hypothesis 5. Return to step 3 to ensure of no discrepancies between theory and experiment. The scientific method is founded upon direct observation of the world around us. A scientist looks critically and attempts to avoid all sources of bias in this observation. But more than looking, a scientist measures to quantify the observations; this helps in avoiding bias. Which of these lines is longer? The both lines are the same length, though human bias might generate belief that one is longer than the other. The scientific method attempts to minimize the influence of bias or prejudice in the experiment when testing a hypothesis or a theory. The next part of the scientific method is to form a hypothesis. This is merely an educated guess. You examine the literature on the subject and gather as much knowledge from books as possible to begin to arrive at an answer. This tentative answer†¦this best educated guess†¦is your hypothesis. There is one important aspect to the hypothesis. It must be rejectable. There must be a way to test the possible answer to try to make it fail. If you design an untestable hypothesis, then science cannot be used to help you decide if it is right or not. For example: you hypothesis that ‘God is awake’. There is no way to test your hypothesis scientifically; therefore, there is no way to make it fail. If the experiments bear out the hypothesis it may come to be regarded as a theory, which then provides rational statements that explain a phenomena. This theory produces explanations to observations and predictions are made. To a scientist a theory is a conceptual framework that explains existing observations and predicts new ones. On the other hand, if the experiments do not bear out the hypothesis, it must be rejected or modified. Prediction is a way to put the hypothesis to a test. The prediction has three parts: 1. If my hypothesis is true†¦ 2. Then_____ should happen 3. When_____ is manipulated The manipulation is what you knew would likely falsify your hypothesis. If this prediction holds then you will not be able to reject your hypothesis. If this prediction does not hold then you will reject your hypothesis. The scientific method requires that an hypothesis be ruled out or modified if its predictions are clearly and repeatedly incompatible with experiment tests. In every experimental science, ‘experiment is supreme’ and experimental verification of hypothetical predictions is absolutely necessary. Experiments may test the theory directly or may test for consequences derived from the theory using mathematics and logic. The necessity of experiment also implies that a theory must be testable. Theories which cannot be tested, because, for instance, they have no observable ramifications, do not qualify as scientific theories. One of the key factors of scientific method is that the theory must be falsifable. Sir Karl Popper (1902-1994): Falsificationism (1993) Demarcation Criteria: Science is divided from psuedo-science or â€Å"myth† by making statements which are potentially falsifiable. When a hypothesis passes the test it is adopted as a theory it correctly explains a range of phenomena it can, at any time, be falsified by new experimental evidence. When exploring a new set or phenomena scientists do use existing theories, however, it is always kept in mind that the old theories might fail to explain the new experiments and observations. In this case new hypotheses are devised and tested until a new theory emerges. A theory is accepted not based on the prestige or convincing powers of the proponent, but on the results obtained through observations and experiments which anyone can reproduce. Most experiments and observations are repeated many times. If the original claims are not verified the process returns to the origin of such discrepancies. Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge. It attempts to answer the basic question: what distinguishes true (adequate) knowledge from false (inadequate) knowledge? Practically, this question translates into issues if scientific methodology: how can one develop theories or models that are better than competing theories? It is possible to construct a useful and reliable model for understanding scientific reasoning, known as the â€Å"Hypothetico-Deductive† model. The heart of the â€Å"Hypothetico-Deductive† model is deductive reasoning (induction plays a role primarily in generating laws about observations that are then deduced from theory, such as the law of multiple proportions). According to the H-D model, hypotheses and theories are sets of general principles that are said to explain and predict observable results. A theory is successful insofar as observable consequences can be deduced from those general principles and statements. When a positive instance of a predicted observation occurs, it is said to confirm that theory. Deductive and Inductive Thinking In logic, two broad methods of reasoning are referred to: the deductive and inductive approaches. Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally called a ‘top-down’ approach. The process may begin with thinking up a theory about our topic of interest. We then narrow that down into more specific hypotheses that we can test. We narrow down even further when we collect observations to address the hypotheses. This ultimately leads us to be able to test the hypotheses with specific data – a confirmation (or not) of our original theories. Inductive reasoning works the other way, moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. Informally, it is often known as a â€Å"bottom-up† approach. In inductive reasoning, the process begins with specific observations and measures, then patterns and regularities are detected, formulating some tentative hypotheses that we can explore, and finally end up developing some general conclusions or theories. Inductive reasoning, by its very nature, is more open-ended and exploratory, especially at the beginning. Deductive reasoning is narrower in nature and is concerned with testing or confirming hypotheses. Even though a particular study may look like it’s purely deductive (e.g., an experiment designed to test the hypothesized effects of some treatment on some outcome), most social research involves both inductive and deductive reasoning processes at some time in the project. The two graphs above can be assembled into a single circular one that continually cycles from theories down to observations and back up to theories. Even in the most constrained experiment, the researchers may observe patterns in the data that lead them to develop new theories. Comparison of Properties Deduction 1. In a valid deductive argument, all of the content of the conclusion is present, at least implicitly, in the premises. Deduction is nonampliative 2. If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. Valid deduction is necessarily truth preserving. 3. If new premises are added to a valid deductive argument (and none of its premises are changed or deleted) the argument remains valid. Deduction is erosion-proof. 4. Deductive validity is an all-or-nothing matter; validity does not come in degrees. An argument is totally valid, or it is invalid Induction 1. Induction is ampliative. The conclusion of an inductive argument has content that goes beyond the content of its premises. 2. A correct inductive argument may have true premises and a false conclusion. Induction is not necessarily truth preserving. 3. New premises may completely undermine a strong inductive argument. Induction is not erosion-proof. 4. Inductive arguments come in different degrees of strength. In some inductions the premises support the conclusions more strongly than in others. Source: Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. Merilee H. Salmon, John Earman, Clark Glymour, James G. Lennox, Peter Machamer, J.E. McGuire, John D. Norton, Wesley C. Salmon, and Kenneth H. Schaffner. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1992. Available: http://dharma-haven.org/science/myth-of-scientific-method.htm Non-Scientific Sources 1. Common Sense People often refer to their knowledge and skills as common sense. It is good sense in everyday affairs. For example: The old farmer didn’t have much education but had always gotten along on a lot of common sense. He is hopeful that in the event of another war the world powers may summon enough common sense to avoid mass atomic destruction. Having a practical intelligence in different situations can derive knowledge that is of immense value. This practical intelligence has been gained naturally from the individual’s experience throughout their life and cannot be applied to any education or training. The experiences that an individual has been through during their life may affect their ability to produce unbiased knowledge. 2. Trial and Error Trial and Error is a method of learning by trying out different responses to a new situation until one response is successful. The desired result is then played on for future use and noted by the researcher. It can be quite a time consuming activity, however, similar problems in the future may benefit from the experiment. 3. Tenacity Tenacity is the determination to continue what you are doing. It means that the knowledge derived from previous studies must be recognised as it holds true value for a long period of time. 4. Intuition Intuition is a psychological and philosophical term which designates the process of immediate apprehension or perception of an actual fact, being or relation between two terms and its results. As an element of educational method intuition means the grasp of knowledge by concrete, experimental or intellectual, ways of apprehension. The importance of intuition as a process and element of knowledge is easily seen if we observe that it is intuition which furnishes us with the first experimental data as well as with the primary concepts and the fundamental judgements or principles which are the primitive elements and the foundation of every speculation. 5. Authority An expert provides knowledge on a particular subject, whereby subordinates accept the idea or concept as a respected source of knowledge. 6. Rationalism Rationalism is a philosophical movement which attempts to study the universe using reason, in the form of deductive and mathematical methods, rather than sense experience. Descartes, for example, tried to deduce what God’s world is like from the axioms of divine existence and goodness. When sourcing knowledge rationalism can be misleading when it is used alone, however, improving the accuracy of the principles associated with the subject will result in better sourcing. 7. Empiricism Any view which bases our knowledge, or the materials from which it is constructed, on experience through the traditional five senses. It is opposed to rationalism and denies that we have any a priori knowledge or innate ideas: we owe all our concepts to experience of the world. A priori knowledge is any kind of knowledge that is in no way derived from sense experience, observation or experiment. What might be called the classical empiricist view is associated especially with Locke, the first of the so-called British Empiricists, and his successors Berkeley and Hume. Empiricism has its roots in the idea that all we can know about the world is what the world cares to tell us; we must observe it neutrally and dispassionately, and any attempt on our part to mould or interfere with the process of receiving this information can only lead to distortion and arbitrary imaging. Conclusion The scientific method is intricately associated with science, the process of human inquiry that pervades the modern era on many levels. While the method appears simple and logical in description, there is perhaps no more complex question than that of knowing how we come to know things. In comparison with the non-scientific sources the emphasis here is that the scientific method distinguishes science from other forms of explanation because of its requirements of systematic experimentation. We use specific methods because they are objective, public and can give repeatable results. The question of how science is so successful at improving understanding is hardly every presented as a question at all. No matter what happens, you will learn something. Science is not only about getting ‘the answer’. Scientists who study extremely complex problems can spend a lifetime and not find ‘the answer’. Even so, their results may eventually play a part in completing the full picture of understanding. Animal and children may learn about whatever they pay attention to, and so do scientists.

A Study on Political Support and the Participation of Eligible Voters in California In Comparison To National Turnout

A Study on Political Support and the Participation of Eligible Voters in California In Comparison To National Turnout Political participation What is the voter turnout rate in last THREE (3) Presidential elections in California, and how did it compare to the voter turnout rate nationally? Was there a significant difference between the national rate and the rate in California? What are at least TWO (2) factors do you suppose might explain it? Voter turnout in presidential elections over the years has been slightly above average ranging between 50% and 63% nationally (p.172). In the recent past, 2008 presidential election had the highest voter turnout with 62.3% casting their ballots. The following presidential elections has a slightly low turnout that averaged 57.5% being a 5% decline based on the percentage turnout in 2008. The recently concluded presidential elections in 2016 had a slight improvement in voter turnout having a 58% voter turnout which was slightly higher than the percentage in 2012 although was still short by approximately 4% from the 2008 voter turnout. The changes in voter turnout are based on a number of factors that includes the appeal of the candidates to the citizens as well as the underlying political ideologies that are held by the candidates (P.173). California is one of the states in the United States that has been having an active political participation where they have been coming out in large numbers to exercise their democratic right. Voter turnout in California State in the 2008 presidential election was extremely high at 79.4% turnout. Hispanics are the majority citizens in the state by approximately 38%. The 2008 presidential election brought significant promise to the people of California especially all the minority who supported the winning candidate Barack Obama who was the first African American president in the United States. Many of the residents shared the ideology of the democrat president. Voter turnout in the following election in 2012 was slightly lower where the turnout was 72% which was 7% lower that the turnout in the 2008 elections (P.183). A key element that can help understand this development is the underlying focus on the fact that the citizens had reduced belief due to unfulfilled promises during the 2008 presidential elections. In the 2016 presidential elections, California had a 75.3% voter turnout that was higher than turnout in 2012 although still 4% lower than the 2008 voter turnout. The slight increase will most likely be attributed to the appeal of the candidates. It is important to note that in the 2016 elections, Hillary Clinton won in California mainly because she was more appealing to the Hispanics and other minority groups in the state than Donald Trump despite the fact that she was unable to win based on the Electoral College system (p.185). Political parties Which of the TWO (2) major political parties in the United States are most likely to face alignment in the coming years and why? Which of the two major political parties does your ideology most align with? Alignment in politics focuses in the underlying ideology that is being help by individuals within a given political environment. Therefore there is need to develop a greater focus on the underlying need to develop a positive understanding under which it would be possible to understand the key aspects that need to be considered. Therefore, in the United States the political parties that face alignment in the coming Republican and democratic parties. Parties are necessary and crucial within any given environment since they allow development of different ideologies and allow their followers to choose the best ideology that they are able to relate to (P. 189). American political parties are the oldest in the world and they have maintained very opposite ideologies where each party has been advancing their own ideologies based on their principles and thus they have a great following where people align themselves to either of the party in their effort to be in power. The founders of the nation disliked the notion of political parties where they asserted that they would bring disharmony and lack of understanding among the people of the United States (P.192). The divergent opinions that are raised by these parties shows that there exists less chance of having a common ideology between the members of these parties although it is important to understand that matters of national interests are handled effectively even though the methodology that is applied by one party might be different from the other. This has been quite evident over the years where the presidents have come from either side of the political divide where they have developed major policies that have been able to move the country forward as a block rather than significantly divided based on ideas or any other factors (P. 195). Between the two major political parties in the country, my ideology mostly aligns with the Democrats. I believe in social liberalism where there is a common understanding between individual liberty, social justice and common good. Progressive social causes are aimed at creating an overall positive understanding under which it is possible to have a better understanding on social development putting into consideration the wellbeing of others. I understand that there is need to focus on positive integral change that can be effectively aligned within the society where every individual plays an important role in ensuring that there is a positive development under which it is possible to move forward as a country. I like to see positive development across the different social classes. This can only be achieved based on the ideology that is being held by the Democratic Party.

Vocational Learner's Mathematical Knowledge Essay

Vocational Learner's Mathematical Knowledge - Essay Example Nevertheless, disciplines requiring advance quantitative analysis have often been much more of a challenge for Joe than most other courses. Areas of significant difficulty have traditionally been algebra, chemistry, and statistics. So far, Joe has passed a number of quantitative courses but has expressed that in many of them he did so experiencing significant academic difficulty. During his college career, he has successfully completed a number of such courses including vocational math, college algebra, introductory chemistry, trigonometry, two courses in physics with laboratories, calculus for business and social science, C programming, and finite math. Joe admitted to having taken the prerequisites to some of these courses numerous times. Nevertheless, he maintains certain career goals. Thus, these career goals constitute his need for gaining greater mastery over quantitative challenges. Joe's goals included completion of a master's degree in management information systems by fall of next year. The remainder of this curriculum includes at least four math related courses. Joe also plans to enter medical school by August of 2011. To qualify, he must include four chemistry courses with labs by that time. In all, Joe needs 8 more classes in math and science. Because of the level difficulty in these courses, the plan of action is two-pronged. One prong is to divide up the course evenly throughout the remaining semesters. In this way, a sum of difficulties may be broken down into more manageable chunks. This is one way in which the tasks may become easier for this learner. The other prong in our plan is to have Joe take as many of these classes at night at his local community college as he can. Night classes tend to be less intense and meet less often than day courses, and community colleges usually have fewer students per class than a four year institution. This affords students the opportunity to access the instructor more readily than in the event of serious comprehension trouble. These two ways combined should lend a certain amount of mitigation of the challenges that are inherit in these courses, especially for someone like our subject who needs to develop habits to meet these requirements squarely. Our recommendations mirror his career goal requirements. It is recommended that he takes a course in Financial or Managerial Accounting, Microeconomics, Introductory Finance, Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry as well as Business and Advanced Statistics to meet these needs. As stated in our plan of action, these classes should be divvied up between summer of 2009, fall of 2009, spring of 2010, summer of 2010, fall of 2010, spring of 2011, and summer of 2011. That would boil down to about one class per semester. One quantitative class per semester should be sufficiently uncomplicated to achieve the ends satisfactorily. There are a number of cognitive skills at play in the practice of quantitative analysis. One is simply counting. All mathematical functions are derived from the rules of the number line. Next is logic, logic constitutes the use of concrete rules to manipulate facts and figures. Another is measure. By measure we mean to apply the counting and its derivatives as well as logic to observe our natural world. Perhaps a more abstract concept is that of extrapolation - where we take our measures and through statistical analysis or algebraic

Principles of Macroecomomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Principles of Macroecomomics - Essay Example 295). Figure 1. Disposable income and MPC Source: Miles and Scott (2005, p. 295) It can be found in all textbooks in macroeconomics that the MPC is related with the Keynesian income multiplier. Following Mankiw (2009, p. 373-374), the Keynesian multiplier process begins when government spends. For example, let us say that government spends ?20 billion (as mentioned earlier, Mankiw’s discussion used dollars not pounds). If the MPC is ? or 0.75 then the ?20 billion spent by government is received by society as factor payments of ?15 billion wherein, in turn, 75% of the ?15 billion are spent by those who received the payments. In turn, the factors who received the payment of 75% of the ?15 billion will spend ? of their income or 75% of 75% of ?15 billion and the chain goes on continuously. According to Mankiw (2009, p. 373), the process continually repeats and goes on indefinitely resulting into a total spending illustrated by Table 1. Table 1. MPC and multiplier resulting from i nitial government spending of ?20 billion Source: Mankiw (2009, p. 373) Based on the above, from the Keynesian perspective, government spending multiplies or increases income received by society based on the marginal propensity to consume (Mankiw 2009, p. 373-374). Based on Mankiw (2009, p. 374), the multiplier based on the MPC can be derived as: . The foregoing is equal to the following (Mankiw 2009, p. 274): . Economists are concerned with the MPC because the MPC is intimately related with the Keynesian income multiplier. It follows from the multiplier = 1/(1-MPC) that the higher MPC or the marginal propensity to consume, the higher the multiplier is. A low MPC implies a low Keynesian multiplier. As implied by our earlier discussion, Baumol and Blinder (2009, p. 160) discussion is similar but Baumol and Blinder’s take-off point for the concept of the marginal propensity to consume is disposable income rather than plain income. Disposable income refers to that part of income left after taking out taxes and the transfers payments received are added (Baumol and Blinder 2009, p. 157). Based on Baumol and Binder (2009, p. 157), at the macro level, disposable income or DI is: DI = GDP - Taxes + Transfer payments = GDP - (Taxes – Transfer payments) = Y - T. Miles and Scott (2005, p. 298) provides an interesting illustration of the Keynesian multiplier based on the modelling of the Keynesian perspective through the consumption function. In Figure 2 below, the 45 degree line is the level where spending equals income while PEo is the initial level of spending by consumers, government, and investors. A rise in government spending leads aggregate spending to PE1 such that following the Keynesian perspective, an increase in income from Yo to Y1 results. Figure 2. Marginal propensity to consume and multiplier Source: Miles and Scott (2005, p. 298) Miles and Scott (2005, p. 298) preferred, however, to say that â€Å"the multiplier shows how much demand rises once all agents have adjusted to an event that generates a change in some component of demand.† Following, this interpretation, it is important to study the MPC because initial spending by government or an increase in spending by any one or the consumer, government, or business can increase aggregate spending â€Å"once all agents have adjusted† to the initial increase in spending by any or all of the economic agents. Miles and Scott (2005, p. 299) even pointed out that â€Å"the larger is the propensity to con

CONSTITUTION & ADMINISTRATIVE LAW Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CONSTITUTION & ADMINISTRATIVE LAW - Coursework Example He argues that they are indeed acts of necessity, which the government performs in sudden and extreme emergency, especially when it is in the public interest to do so. This essentially contradicts Dicey’s understanding of the royal prerogative. This is so considering that the power of war, which is generally, one of the significant powers of the prerogative, would anyway be an exception. The above differences in argument, therefore, call for reexamination into other theories in order to understand the significance of the royal prerogative2. In Attorney General v DE Keyser’s Royal Hotel Ltd , Lord Parmoor said that a right may be common to the rulers and the subjects; nevertheless, that does not qualifies it to be a prerogative right. Instead, he argued that Royal prerogative means a privilege in the executive that may be of an exclusive and a special character. Similarly, Blackstone concurs that the prerogative covers those actions that no person or institution other than the executive may undertake3. Among prerogatives contemplated in this explanation include the making of treaties and the deployment of armed forces. However, it is observable that the Blackstone’s argument contradicts the judicial reasoning as to what the prerogative is. To shed more light on this, an examination of the case of R v Criminal Injuries Compensation Board, Ex parte Lain will be of help. In this case, the board that was to investigate and make recommendation on the compensation to victims of violence through ex gratia payments, was appointed by the executive4. The key issue here is that the board was set up by the executive in disregarded the agreement between the Judiciary and the applicant. Clearly the prerogative act was used in doing this, arguably though, giving out money to the victims of violence is not such unique to deserve direct action of the executive. Moreover, Wade an administrative theorist agrees with the arguments of Dicey and Blackstone albeit at

Short answer essay questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short answer questions - Essay Example A perfect example was in 1947 in America by Clyfford Still. In Europe, there was â€Å"Popular Art† that was started in the early 1960s by Lichtenstein, Hamilton, Ramos and Indiana. The movement also was too elitist and celebrated the postwar consumer culture. An example in Europe was Lichtenstein, Drowning Girl in 1963. The responses by the artist in Europe and those in America are similar as the world is viewed but they differ a bit in their expression. 2. Using at least two examples, discuss the way in which the word "freedom" figured for American modernist artist, and critics after 1945, and how this might be understood to compromise these artists identification with the avant-garde. Draw on at least two specific examples in your discussion. Freedom being the state of doing according to one’s wishes was clear in American modernist artists. It is evident that after the World War II in 1945, artist used the freedom they obtained to express their work in a new creative way. This was clear in New York where artist who were freed from Europe came to practice their work. A perfect example was Going West by Jackson Pollock in 1934-5 in America. Another example of works in America at this time is The Betrothal II by Arshile Gorky in 1947. The freedom of expressing art in this era made artist to start portraying the forbidden pictures in the society. This is because of their compromise to the avant-garde. An example in Europe is the forbidden pictures: Homage to Otto Dix by Larry Fink in 2001. Action painting- it is a style of painting where the paint is smeared onto a canvas by the artist. One of the images that action painting is the Photograph of Jackson Pollock Working by Hans Namuth in 1950. Also, Pollock did another art work by the name One (number 31) in

Food industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Food industry - Essay Example The company has made great advances in the production of fast foods through their kitchen prototyping, standardizing, self-serving along with fundamental changes in their marketing demographics (Schlosser, 212). The company has been offering fast foods to various classes of customers who include teenagers and the elderly. The beef department of the company is currently being dominated by immigrants who offer cheap labor in the various branches that the company has opened up across the globe. Through the process of recruiting more cheap workers, the organization has been able to expand their activities while at the same time maximizing their profits (Mankiw, 141). In consolidating their activities, Fast food Nation has been able to acquire many other smaller companies in different countries for the purpose of expanding the scope of their activities (Schlosser, 79). For instance, the company has acquired companies that indulge in packing meat such as Kenny Dobbins along with IBP Inc. T hey have been additionally able to ensure that all the outlets deal with uniform franchises (Kroeger, Vizjak, Moriarity, 89). The Omnivore’s dilemma offers a wide variety of foodstuffs for humans that range from industrial and organic foods and the foods we scavenge for ourselves such as meat products (Pollan, 62). The company manufactures the above meals in an effort to diversify their activities while expanding their activities across national along with international boundaries. They have enjoyed economies of scale with their production costs decreasing over the years as a result of using cheaper forms of labor, the use of technology in their activities and advanced production methods (Mankiw, 132). The company acquires its raw materials from many areas, which implies that they rarely have shortages in their production. The company’s production has however faced problems as a result of animal diseases which affect their production along with the

Paleolithic & Neolithic Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paleolithic & Neolithic Societies - Essay Example They had no domesticated herds. They fished along the streams just as it is today. Since this mode of securing food was not sufficient for these people, they organized themselves in bands of 20 to 25 people and nomadically kept cattle. The Paleolithic communities had a legal headman who held the band together based on the hunting skills and the culture of blessings by the world of spirits. Therefore, their thorough hunting ability had a link to the spiritual powers. The different members of the band took different roles depending on the gender and responsiveness. The Paleolithic people had a mystical attitude towards life. They viewed the religion world as animism. They less valued the outer appearance of things but valued more the inner working of the unseen spirit. They respected a lot those who displayed the spiritual; powers like the Shamans and the Witchdoctors. They held that these people possessed special magical powers that worked for the good or bad of the community2. They e ngaged in rituals like wars, dances, hunting races and rain dances. These activities, they believed had power to predispose the behavior of the unseen spirits to assure the forthcoming favorable outcome. ... This age marked the first agricultural revolution and had wide scale transition of many cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to a settle agricultural life. These ancient ancestors began to sow seeds in order to produce more in the harvest. They also began domesticating animals, which formed a major source of meat for the communities. The introduction of agriculture permitted the growth of the human population hence growth of villages and towns subsequently. The Neolithic persons had total respect over the sexual acts as they termed them very sacred. They also worshipped some vibrant Great Goddess. The idea of personal and private property ownership began to spread even more during this period. The concept of money began to emerge at this time. Societies began to keep slaves as well. The emergence of polis The term polis originated from the ancient Greek city-states, which developed during the archaic period and persisted during the roman times. Polis was not like other primordial ancient city-states, which had a king or a small oligarchy, but was rather a political entity ruled by a body of citizens. The origin of polis had an origin in the appearance of urbanization at the excavation sites during the traditional archeologists view3. The term polis which in archaic Greek meant city suddenly changed with the development of the of the governance center in the city. The emergence of citizenship notion in the landowners came to describe the entire body of citizens, which came as the most important meaning of the term polis in ancient Greece. Conflicts between Greece and its neighbors Ancient Macedonia and Greece descended in several migratory waves and bounder conflicts. The Greeks and Turks had outstanding conflicts in 1982 due to boundary conflicts.

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 39

Economics - Essay Example As individuals continue to think that Netflix stands for a great compelling entertainment, the speed with which streaming movies adopt in general, and in particular, looks to be importantly slower compared to previous anticipation. To survive, Netflix should spend more on initial programming with an effort to draw closer more customers. The original investment will be of a positive effect in the long run. According to an article in the Wall Street Journal: In early January last year, after a disappointing Charismas season and amid worries about competition from discount retailers, Zale Corp. decided to shake things up: The self-proclaimed jeweller to Middle America was going to chase upscale customers†¦.The move was a disaster. The Irving, Texas, retailer lost many of its traditional customers without winning the new ones it coveted. (From Ann Zimmerman and Kris Hudson, â€Å"Chasing Upscale Customers Tarnishes Mass-Market Jeweller,† Wall Street Journal, June 26, 2006. P. A1. Why would a firm like Zale abandon one market niche for another market niche? We know that in this case the move was not successful. Can you think of other cases where the company successful changed its business strategy? Firms like Zale may move from one market niche to another market niche due to monopolistic competition. This is where by many firms compete in a market, there are no barriers to entries and products available in the market are differentiated. The weak economy and fierce competition led Zale to move to another market niche (Mihaljevic, 2013) The dry cleaning is indirectly practicing price discrimination as there exist a difference in cost involved in accomplishing the work. Besides, there is a big difference in price we are not aware of incase it is the real costs’ differences. As an economist I am not for support of law such as this as hair grooming, dry cleaning and laundry are jobs that can be

Soldier Boy Essay Example for Free

Soldier Boy Essay Soldier Boy is a book about a young boy named Jim Martin, and how it was his dream to join the army and fight with the Australian troupes. However, Jim Martin was no ordinary soldier to join the military; he was the youngest at 14 years of age. The topic, which I am doing my essay on, is Solider Boy is a tragedy. This book shows why war is a tragedy, and what war does to families, and how adults and authorities make war seem more glorious. The book highlights how it was young boys dying during the war not older men. First Paragraph Solider boy is a tragedy because it shows what war does to families and how death and injury effects families and tears them apart. These soldiers were never advised about the dangers of war. They were never advised of the drastic effects to their near and dear ones. Most of the time families were not strong enough to handle the stress and pain of seeing their loved ones going to war. Anthony Hill also informs the reader of Soldier Boys whose parents kept their grief and pain that the loss of a child causes them on the inside, in order to keep their families together. A quote on pg 8 shows that this is what Amelia did for her family. Amelia is the brick if the family in this time of desperation, and helps her family come to terms with Jim’s death. Second Paragraph Something that was quite sad in Solider Boy was that schools, adults and authorities made war seem more glorious than it actually was, and enticed young boys to join the army. Most adults made war seem like a sort of video game, you can play the game and nothing will happen to you. None of the adults explained to the young boys what it was like to see one of your team members die, or how to deal with their fellow soldiers rotting corpses in the trenches and how once you came to Gallipoli, if you did not like it there was no turning back. A quote on page 8 shows what the law thought was fit for young boys. Third Paragraph One of the main reasons of why Solider Boy is a tragedy is because it was young boys that were dying, and not older men. Young boys that had a whole future ahead of them, but had there life cut off because a bullet shot them, or they died of an illness. Jim Martin could have grown up and had a family, but instead his life was cut short because he died of typhoid. If it were, older men that were dying it would still be sad but not a tragedy, because they would have finished what they wanted to do and achieve in life. While some of the young, boys may not have even had a girlfriend. The quote on page 35 shows how young Jim Martin was. Conclusion In conclusion, I think that what war did to people and how adults handled it was quite sad, because it was teaching young people to fight and how violence and conflict is not the answer. Young Solider Boys should not have had to go through that, because all that it brought was grief, pain, suffering and stress. Solider boy is a tragic story that I hope will never be repeated again.

Identify the Diffenent Reasons People Communicate Essay Example for Free

Identify the Diffenent Reasons People Communicate Essay We need to communicate with others in order to be able to successfully carry out daily activities, especially in the work place. This can be done in many different forms and have positive and negative effects. Being aware of these forms and implementing them is vital when working with young children and adults. People communicate in both personal and professional capacitites for a variety of different reasons. In a work setting people may communicate to: build relationships; maintain relationships; gain and share information; gain reassurance and acknowledgement; to express needs and feelings and to share thoughts and ideas. Building relationships can be a simple form of communication such as a smile/wave/ ‘hello’ when we first meet a new parent/child. Each time we do this we are maintaining a relationship with the parent/child, although this may not be strictly for a professional ‘reason’, for example; asking what they are doing tonight? By building and maintaining relationships via communication we are gaining information, which by sharing will help in the way we work, for example; with children, parents and other professionals. We can also provide trust, reassurance and acknowledgement by praising, physical reassurance by providing eye contact or by taking an interest in what they are doing. People also communicate in order to express their needs and/or feelings. As humans most of us need to do this and we should respect and allow a child’s need to as well, if they don’t have the opportunity to do this they can become very frustrated. The same applies to being creative by sharing their ideas and thoughts as children and young people will need to share these with others. Read more:  Describe the different ways that people communicate  essay L.O 1.2: Explain how communication affects relationships in the work setting Communication is vital in the work setting as it helps to establish good relationships with young people, children, their families and colleagues, and these are essential in order to be able to work effectively with them. Relationships and communication skills compliment each other, therefore carers who have good communication skills are more likely to have good relationships with children, parents and other adults. We communicate via body language and facial expressions and relationships are influenced by this. Relationships and communication is pivotal in the early year’s sector. By sharing and gaining information, for example, on a child’s feelings, routine and/or long term health we can help establish different needs and/or the need for intervention. We can also help the child settle in more easily, as when they feel comfortable with us so will their parents and vice versa, this also helps the child feel more relaxed which in turn helps them play and learn more effectively and benefit from it. As pointed out on www.helpguide.org it can also â€Å"†¦improve relationships at home, work and in social situations by deepening your connections to others, and improving team work, decision making, caring and problem solving.† By working together as a team via communicating, job satisfaction can be gained as can easier transitions if the child is moved from one setting to another. Communication is something that we do in our everyday life in every type of setting. We can build and maintain relationships from this with a variety of people. This in turn can have positive or negative effects on the things we do. By communicating via facial expressions, body language or verbally we are establishing and maintaining relationships with their practitioner as it can help identify needs, spot things that occur repeatedly and help the child develop holistically, therefore it is essential that we all communicate effectively.

Ikea Hotel: Business Environment and Position

Ikea Hotel: Business Environment and Position Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP): Causes and Treatment Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP): Causes and Treatment Xeroderma Pigmentosum is a rare autosomal recessive disease affecting about 1 in 250,000 people in Europe which greatly reduces the quality of life of its sufferer. XP patients have a much greater chance of developing skin neoplasms, internal organs neoplasms or even neurological disorder due to a defective Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) pathway. In this report, I found out that most experts in this field do believe that reactive oxygen species which can cause DNA lesions that can only be repaired by the NER pathway is the main cause of the neurological disorder in XP patients. However, modern technology can not yet prove this is the case. The treatments for XP are mainly preventive rather than interventionist. However, more new treatments have been proved to be effective in helping XP patients with the aid of modern technology. The bacterial enzyme T4 Endonuclease V has recently been put in use for treating XP and gene replacement therapy might be a possible treatment for the futu re. The aim of this article is to gain a general overview of Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP), to understand the possible causes of neurological disorder in XP patients as well as the current and possible treatments for XP. To achieve my aim, I have first researched using various textbooks to understand DNA repair and damage. After that, I set my focus on Xeroderma Pigmentosum and used two online databases Medline and PubMed to look for review articles on XP in order to have a basic understanding of XP. I used two keywords Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Neoplasm to achieve the goal (Table 1). After having some basic knowledge of XP, I found that the neurodegeneration and the current treatments for XP are quite interesting so I decided to set my aim of these two topics. By searching for Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Neurodegeneration on Medline, I was able to look for some useful articles on my first aim (Table 2). I also searched for Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Gene Therapy for my second aim (Table 3). Cancer which can be considered as an uncontrolled growth and spread of cells is one of the top three causes of mortality in the world.(1) With the WHO predicting that it is going to be the top killer by 2010(2), it is vital for the public and medical professions to understand its aeitiology and pathogenesis in order to fight against it. Generally, the incidence of cancer is increased with aging as the chances of DNA mutation increases with age for lots of different reasons and we now understand that our DNA needs at least 5-6 mutations in order for cancer to develop(3). However, there are some other risk factors which might increase the susceptibility such as smoking, alcohol, radiation and so on. One of the most interesting factors is probably the cancer-prone DNA repair deficiency syndrome, for example Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Cockaynes Syndrome, Werner Syndrome. Patients with these syndromes are characterised by not being able to repair the DNA damage precedes the mutation and thus enhance the chances of getting cancer(4). The aim of this article is to discuss the genetic disorder Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP). To understand this disorder, we have to first look into the types of DNA damages, their causes and their specific repair mechanism. DNA damage Mutation happens for lots of different reasons. It can occur spontaneously or naturally, for example DNA strand looped out during replication, hence causes a deletion of base. The other main types of spontaneous mutation are Depurination (Fig.1) i.e. detachment of Adenosine or Guanine from its deoxyribose sugar due to the hydrolysis of water and deamination (Fig.2) i.e. oxidation of bases by an oxidising agent e.g. nitrous acid. Spontaneous mutation occurs at a rate varies between and 4ÃÆ'- per gene per generation.(5-7) Another type of mutations could be elicited by the exposure of organisms to substantial mutagens, like chemicals or radiation.(7) The focus of this report is mainly on radiation. Radiation is probably the most well-known type of mutagen and there are three different types of radiation, each of which has its specific effects. The first type is ionising radiation which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) e.g. H2O2, OHÂÂ · when passing through cells. These oxygen species oxidise DNA bases and thus causes base mispairing. The second type of radiation is the ultraviolet light. It has a wavelength ~ 260nm and is greatly absorbed by the bases. The absorbed energy causes the fusion of adjacent pyrimidine dimers on the same DNA strand and will mainly affect thymine (Fig.3). The results of this type of mutation are stoppage of DNA replication and transcription, which affects the normal function of cells significantly. Ionising radiation such as X-Rays can have a direct effect on DNA strand as well. It reacts directly with deoxyribose backbone and causes double-strand breaks in the DNA and may in turn completely stop DNA replication because of the significant d amage induced.(6-7) The Cell Cycle There are 4 main stages in the cell cycle, G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), G2 (Gap 2) and M (Mitosis) and the duration for each cell cycle is around 24 hours. As from the diagram, each stage has its particular functions. There are two important checkpoints between G1 and S phase and G2 and M phase and they are called G1-to-S checkpoint and G2-to-M checkpoint respectively. These checkpoints are important as they detect the existing DNA damage and generate signals for DNA repair. If the DNA damage is too severe and beyond repair, tumour suppressor like p53 will come into action. This prevents the mutated cell from dividing and developing into cancer cells and the cell either goes into apoptosis or senescence.(5, 7) DNA Repair As previously mentioned, each type of mutation has its own specific repair mechanism and this paper is to focus on nucleotide excision repair (NER) (Fig.5), which is the only relevant mechanism to XP. NER helps repairing pyrimidine dimers and bulky DNA adduct to bases. This repair system works by detecting distortion to the double helix shape of the polynucleotide strand such as thymine-thymine dimers. This distortion triggers a series of events to restore the stability of the DNA. Firstly, XPC is the protein responsible for recognising the distortions. Then XPA and XPD generate a bubble (Fig.5) a ring-like structure formed by unwinds of DNA double-strand around the damaged site. The bubble creates two cleavage sites for ERCC1-XPF (5side) and XPG (3side) to act on. The cleavage sites are exactly 24 nucleotides away from the lesion on the 5side and 5 nucleotides from the 3end. Finally, DNA helicase releases the fragment that has been cut out, and once again DNA polymerases and ligase fill in the gap and repair the lesion. It is important to understand this repair mechanism as several genetic disorders like Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Cockaynes syndrome and trichothiodystrophy are connected with defects in the nucleotide excision repair.(6-7, 12) Brief introduction of XP XP was first described by two dermatologists in Vienna, Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra and Moritz Kapozi in the year 1870. The term xeroderma denotes parchment skin while pigmentosum was added later to indicate and emphasize the characterised pigmentation abnormalities(14-15). At that time, no one knows exactly what causes XP and the link between XP and defective NER was established by Cleaver in 1968(14, 16). Researchers have identified that there are 8 complementation groups of XP and they are XP-A-G and XP variant group. XPA-G are known as the classical forms of XP while the XP-V which is not associated with a defective NER, constituting 20% of the cases of XP. Instead of having a defective NER pathway, XP-V patients have gene coded for a defective form of DNA polymerase, causing a thymine-thymine dimers bypass during replication. Each complementation group represents a mutated form of a specific gene, i.e. complementation group A means the patient has a mutated version of the XP-A ge ne, etc.(14, 17) Patients with XP have a high photosensitivity to UV radiation as their cells have a defective nucleotide excision repair pathway. As a result, those cells exposed to UV radiation will have a high mutation rate and causes a high occurrence of skin cancer as well as affecting ocular tissues. XP can also cause neurodegeneration or neurological diseases and it would be discussed later.(14-15) Prevalence of XP XP is a rare autosomal recessive disease, which means that the disease will only be developed in patients with two mutated form of XP genes, XP will not develop in patients with a normal and a mutated gene as the mutated gene is recessive and wouldnt be expressed but he/she would be a carrier of XP. XP has a dispersed worldwide distribution, varying from 1 in 40,000 in Japan and 1 in 250,000 in Europe and USA. Symptoms of XP can start as early as first exposure to sunlight but the average age of onset of symptoms is around 2 years. There is also a greater than 1000-fold increased risk of skin cancers development connected with XP and the average age of onset of the foremost skin cancer or neoplasm is 8 years, around 50 years earlier comparing with the public. The life spans of XP patients are reduced by around 30 years as many of them die of neoplasia. As mentioned before, NER also removes bulky DNA adduct to bases, such lesions are induced chemically by chemicals like alkylating age nt rather than UV radiation. This explains why XP patients also have a 10 to 20- fold higher risk of forming internal neoplasms below the age of 20.(7, 12, 14, 17) Neurodegeneration of XP It is quite easy and straight forward to understand why XP patients are prone to skin cancers and even internal organs neoplasms. However, there is one interesting clinical feature that is still unexplained and remains puzzling and this is the neurodegeneration of XP patients, which is affecting approximately 20% of the XP patients. Since UV radiation cannot penetrate through our skull, thymine-thymine dimers would not be the type of mutation occurring in the neurological tissues e.g. brain tissues, neurons and so on. Thus, damages in the neurological tissues are more likely to be caused by chemicals like alkylating agents, ROS which damages DNA by oxidising DNA bases or adding bulky adducts to it and are also repaired by the NER pathway(14, 19). The following section will discuss some of the symptoms as well as possible causes of this interesting feature. The first symptom of the XP neurological disorder is reduced tendon reflexes, possibly as a result of peripheral nervous system and ataxia degeneration. With the progression of the disease, the patient will also develop hearing loss and other motor anomalies and become wheelchair bound eventually. Dementia and progressive cognitive decline are also the possible outcomes of the XP neurological disorder.(19) There are several candidates for the causes of neurodegeneration in XP patients but there are yet to be a confirmation of the ultimate cause of those symptoms. ROS is a possible cause for neurodegeneration in XP patients. These species react with our DNA bases or deoxyribose sugar and generate some form of lesions which should be repaired by our NER pathway, for example, hydroxyl radical, a ROS which reacts with deoxyribose sugar and produces a lesion called cyclopurine-deoxynucleosides (Fig.7). This type of lesion can only be repaired by NER and will accumulate in our cells if not repaired.(19) Aldehydes and thymine glycol are some other possible reagents that might cause neurodegeneration in XP patients. Aldehydes react with DNA, forming a DNA lesion called Propano-deoxyguanosine lesion (PdG) which might block transcription by RNA polymerase. Thymine glycol causes oxidative damage to the DNA and produces Nonbulky oxidatively-induced lesion, which could be repaired by the NER pathway as well.(19-20) It is important to understand the fundamental cause of neurodegeneration in XP patients, by doing so; we can develop a possible treatment, not only for reducing the incidences of neurological disorder in XP patients, but for improving the patients quality of life as well. For example if H2O2 is the cause of the neurodegeneration, we can develop a pathway which reduces the level of H2O2 in patients body and reduces the level of H2O2 in their cells.(19) Diagnosis for XP XP can be diagnosed in different ways. Diagnosis can be made clinically by examining eye, skin and nervous system, a detailed family history could also aid in the diagnosis. As XP cells have a defective NER, a functional test for DNA repair on living cells may also be used for diagnosis. Nowadays, genetic testing of XPA and XPC genes is available clinically but the testing for the other genes is only available on a research basis.(21) Treatment for XP At the moment, there is no cure for XP. Primary care for XP is probably more important than secondary care in terms of prevention and regulation of the disease. Once the patient is diagnosed with XP, he/she should avoid exposure to sunlight and other mutagens like cigarette smoke or alcohol immediately. XP patients should also wear protective clothing like UV suits, sunglasses and gloves in order to get minimum exposure to UV radiation, reducing the chances of getting further DNA damage. UV radiation levels should also be measured routinely at in-door environment for safety reasons. XP patients should also consume sufficient vitamin D in their diet to compensate for the insufficient production of vitamin D by their body.(21) As the disease progresses, XP patients might develop small lesions in the skin which could be treated using liquid nitrogen or topical 5-fluorouracil. Skin cancers, neoplasms of the eyelids, conjunctiva and cornea developed could be removed surgically. In patients with multiple skin cancers, high-dose oral isotretinoin may be used to prevent the formation of new neoplasms. X-radiation therapy can also be used to treat cancer with close monitoring as most XP patients are not hypersensitive to therapeutic X-rays.(21) Gene replacement therapy, i.e. replacing the mutated gene by insertion of a normal set of gene might also be a possible treatment in the future but very few research groups are working on that(22). In 2001, a study showed that the insertion of the bacterial DNA repair enzyme T4 Endonuclease V (also known as denV T4 endonuclease, an enzyme which removes the glycosyl bond of the pyrimidine dimer(23)) in liposomes into XP patients can actually increases the rate of repair of UV induced lesion, lowering the chances of new skin neoplasms development and it is now one of the treatments of XP. (21, 24) A research on gene replacement therapy published in 2003 was supportive for the XP patients(25). The result was quite promising as the researchers successfully restore the DNA repair capacity of XP cells after the insertion of gene(25). Although the efficacy of the treatment is high, its reliability is relatively low and there are definitely some limitations in the study. Firstly, it was an in vitro experiment; results shown in test tube would not be necessarily the same as in mammals or humans. Secondly, the research only focused on the XP-C cells so it is still unsure whether gene replacement therapy would work on other XP genes. Thirdly, the research was only done on cells from 2 patients; a larger sample size, preferably samples from different ethnicity or a more comprehensive study is needed to confirm the effectiveness in clinical practice. The bacterial enzyme T4 Endonuclease V was proved to be a quite effective treatment for XP as mentioned previously. The study that I looked into was a randomised study and involves 30 patients, with 20 in the intervention group and 10 in the placebo group(24). Overall, the study is quite reliable as it was a randomised double-blind study which minimise the bias that might affect the final outcomes of the study. However, some issues do present in the trial and should be addressed for future research. Firstly, the sample size is relatively small; a larger sample size is needed to confirm the effectiveness of the bacterial enzyme. Secondly, the ratio of patients in the two study groups varies, which might affect the statistical outcome significantly, especially for a small-sized study. Conclusions, limitations and further study To conclude, with the progression of technology and more time and resources spent on XP, we have now got much more understanding of XP, comparing with the first discovery of the disease. However, we shouldnt be satisfied with it and stop here as there is still a long way to go to get a full understanding of this genetic disorder. From my research, I found out that majority of the researchers favour ROS as the underlying cause of the neurodegeneration in XP patients. Firstly, our nervous system has a high demand for oxygen and ROS produced during respiration could potentially accumulate in our nervous system, causing damages to our DNA. Secondly, ROS causes DNA lesion that might only be repaired by the NER pathway. Thirdly, ROS can generate lesions that could block the RNA transcription, contributing to the loss of proteins and eventually cell death(19). All of these evidences suggested that ROS are possible causes of the neurological disorder in XP. At the moment, the resources are not available to prove that it is the case and there might be some other DNA damages that cause neurodegeneration which have not been discovered yet. However, I am sure with all the hard-work, and the advancement of technology, this mystery would soon be solved. In my opinion, with the lack of treatment for XP at the moment, preventive measures would be the most important things. As a result, diagnosis of XP should be made as quickly as possible. Genetic screening for new born baby might be a method for early diagnosis of XP. However, XP is a rare genetic disorder which is not so cost-effective for genetic testing as it is still relatively costly to diagnose XP in a molecular level and we should probably look for a cheaper alternatives and an easier way for diagnosis of XP. As for the future treatment, as I have previously mentioned, understanding the underlying cause of neurodegeneration is important for reducing the incidences of neurological disorder in XP patients and would improve the patients quality of life. My opinion on gene replacement therapy is that it is viable as the technology is available but not practical yet. First of all, although our skins are quite easy to reach, we should bear in mind that the skin has got a large surface area and would be quite difficult to insert replacement genes into the majority of the skin cells. We have now developed a method of inserting genes by genetically modified retrovirus, which could deliver genes into our cells quite easily. However, the technology for this is still premature and it is quite hard to monitor the viruses and might generate side effects like escape of viruses to the nature, mutation of the viruses and so on. I think that the information on gene replacement therapy for XP patients is qu ite limited; a lot more need to be done to address this issue. Finally, I do believe that with the advance of technology and as our knowledge of gene therapy progresses, a cure for XP should soon be found.

Great Expectations - A Cinderella Story Essay example -- Great Expect

Great Expectations - A Cinderella Story In the profound novel, Great Expectations, written by Charles Dickens, the main character "Pip" is put through many tests that examine the type of man Pip strives to be and the type of man Pip really is. Pip's relationships with two central characters, Tom and Magwitch, are examined closely in this essay, and through these relationships, Pip's character is visible. Great Expectations is, in a sense, a Cinderella story in which Pip's fairy godmother turns out to be a convict running from the law. This "amulet" gives Pip a gift that changes Pip and his life. In the beginning of the novel, Pip is a young boy that lives in an inhospitable home with his older sister and her husband. Although Pip's relationship with his sister is unkind, the relationship Pip develops with her husband is affable. Pip's brother-in-law, Joe, has taken Pip under his wing, and wants to take care of Pip. Critic Christopher Morris writes, "Pip claims to have developed a solicitude for Joe" in the opening of the novel, but later "that claim is everywhere contradicted by his actions." One example that Morris writes of to prove his point is, after Pip learns of the "selfless rational for Joe's acquiescence in Mrs. Joe's government", Pip writes: Young as I was, I believe that I dated a new admiration of Joe from that night. We were equals afterwards, as we has been before: but afterwards, at quiet times when I sat looking at Joe and thinking about him, I had a new sensation of feeling conscious that I was looking up to Joe in my heart. (7, 52)3 Morris* points out the fact, that throughout the novel, this is the only time Pip will regard Joe as his equal. In chapter VIII, Pip is offere... ...ip as a very low person. Later, when Pip began to except Magwhich, he was able to shut the ideas of the man's past out. Their relationship became that of a very strong friendship because they did see each other's faults but chose to ignore them. When a friendship is composed, the two parties have an unspoken agreement to except any flaws the other has. This is much more meaningful than love, because the human will is involved. The outcome of love may seem more important, but there is always the chance a lover will regain their true sight and not be able to accept your faults. In the case of friendship, there is a bond because the other is all ready at ease with your faults, and your bond can only become stronger. * In an article written by Christopher D. Morris, the actions and moral bad faith that the central character, Pip, exhibits are examined.

Return To Babylon - Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Return To Babylon - Analysis "He would come back some day; they couldn’t make him pay forever. But he wanted his child, and nothing was much good now, beside that fact. He wasn’t young any more, with a lot of nice thoughts and dreams to have by himself. He was absolutely sure Helen wouldn’t have wanted him to be so alone." The final paragraph in the story shows how much Charlie loved his daughter, and how much he needs her to complete his life. In "Babylon Revisited" Charlie was treated unfairly and should have won the custody of Honoria. Charlie’s regret of how he lived in the past is proved repeatedly throughout the story and even with the hardship of losing his wife and daughter, Charlie was still able to put his life back together. The mistakes he made in the past were not all his fault; there was a problem in the stock market that put a heavy burden on his shoulders. He has done more than enough to show Marion that he has changed and is capable of taking care of Honoria. However, the story may also be a bit biased considering that the narrator may not be a reliable person. There are also certain situations in the story, which questions Charlie’s sincerity about how much he has changed. Charlie’s love for Honoria is the biggest reason for him to regain her custody. Throughout the story, Charlie has expressed how much he loves Honoria and how much he needs her in his life. Honoria also expresses how much she loves her father and how much she misses him. She tells her father more than once that she would rather live with him than with her Aunt Marion. To separate a father and daughter from each other is both devastating and cruel. It is hard to understand why Marion would not let Charlie have Honoria, when Honoria expresses so much love for her father. "From behind the maid who opened the door darted a lovely little girl of nine who shrieked ‘Daddy!’ and flew up, struggling like a fish, into his arms. She pulled his head around by one ear and set her cheek against his. ‘My old pie,’ he said ‘Oh, daddy, daddy, daddy, dads, dads, dads!’ The narrator does not hesitate to show how much Honoria and Charlie care for each other. Though Honoria was just a little girl, growing up without a father is still harsh. Still her love for Charlie is unconditional, and questions about the past are not brought up. Their strong relationship is alm... ...reliable is not a good enough reason for me to believe that Charlie is not responsible enough. I think that we have to give the narrator a certain amount of trust because he is the one telling the story and we have no other sources to compare with. If the narrator cannot be considered reliable then the story itself should not be trustworthy enough to read. So we must deal with the facts that are given to us and base most of the decisions on them. With this in mind I look at the situation evenly and try not to fully believe the narrator but still consider what he is saying. I understand that Charlie made a big mistake and hurt not only himself, but those that loved him. There is no excuse for what he did. However, I still believe that the strong bond that is between Honoria and Charlie is unbreakable. Being raised in a family where the strength of love has endured all types of hardships, I have experienced that nothing could ever sever those connections. Loving someone does not me an that Honoria or Marion should try to forget the mistakes Charlie had made or the heartaches he has given them. But instead, to love someone is to learn how to understand and most importantly to forgive.

Homosexual Desire in Shakespeares Sonnet 20 and Byrons To Thyrza Essa

Homosexual Desire in Shakespeare's Sonnet 20 and Byron's To Thyrza  Ã‚   Crompton states in his epilogue "...diverse sexual lifestyles still arouse apprehension even when they threaten no direct harm to others. In this particular matter, our culture faces business unfinished by the Enlightenment" (381). Examining Byron and Shakespeare's poetry, opens a window to the prevailing sexual attitude of late eighteenth and early nineteenth century and defines more clearly the intent of these poets. A sexual metamorphosis involving the realization of homosexual desires and nonconventional erotic preferences occurs in both Lord Byron's "To Thyrza" and William Shakespeare's "Sonnet 20", but the poets, known for the gender ambiguity in their prose and personal relationships, differ greatly in their portrayal of homosexuality and the effect that homosexuality had on both themselves and their poetry. Byron’s homosexual temperament contrasted sharply to the orthodox attitudes shared by his society. Byron's bisexual nature troubled his adolescence, as homosexuals faced hostile public opinion during the early 1800's. Portraying the illegality and barbaric acts that homosexuals committed, newspapers of the day referred to gays as "monsters whose rarity matched their enormity" (Crompton 164). Secular England also condemned homosexuals for their "neglect of women" (164); however, Byron's good looks and glamour as a poet attracted women, and he was not unresponsive to his popularity. Intense feelings of desire and affection towards men colors Byron's early life. A precocious child, Byron was an heir to the family title at age eight. A peer at age ten, his emotional and sexual life seemed to have developed correspondingly early. Seduced at... ...peare displayed affection for a "Master mistress", also a male, but sublimates the desire due to disapproval of his own homosexual urges and fear of public ridicule and exile from society. Unlike Byron, Shakespeare's homosexual affair, fictitious or genuine, does not seem to involve a physical relationship but rather an emotional bond between two men. The existence of homosexual desires is clearly demonstrated in Shakespeare's "Sonnet 20" and Byron's "To Thyrza." However, these poets' environment dictated the sexual metamorphosis that enabled them to maintain their sexual ambiguity and protect their anonymity in their respective works. These poems provide a framework to serve the duality that reflected this era in British society; preservation of a nation's preferred orthodox sexual identity, and the reality of its' authors heretical erotic feelings.      

Organizational Behavior and Design Essay

Leadership exists in both formal and informal fashion. Formal leadership is defined by Byrnes (2003, p. 160) as ‘leadership by a manager who has been granted the formal authority or right to command’. Formal authority in this sense means those elements that automatically come with leadership – perhaps a title, an office, a budget, the right to make decisions, a set of subordinates, a reporting relationship, and so on. Formal leaders are appointed or elected to lead the group by virtue of such characteristics as their position in the organization and their interest or expertise in relation to the group’s focus. A formal leader is one who possesses organizational authority to direct and control the activities of subordinates. The individual issues orders and instructions to his subordinates by virtue of his formal authority within the organization. The formal leader is responsible and accountable to those who have elected him in a formal way. At the managerial or executive level, this paper asserts that formal leadership is not always necessary; at least, the execution of formal authority by the leader must constantly depend on the situation. The main reason behind this assertion is that formal leadership strategies that carry out perceived improvements do not always generate a common vision among leadership groups. Nor does formal leadership always establish or follow guidelines for carrying out improvements. For instance, Durk Jager, former Procter & Gamble (P&G) CEO, has many traits of a good manager and may have managed P&G well during his time but he was not seen by those whom he managed as being the leader. This example just implies that formal authority is not the sole basis of leadership in part because leadership relationships are based on additional resources other than authority, like expertise and interpersonal skills. The formal leader cannot depend solely on the use of formal authority because subordinates seldom put maximum effort under the pressure of authority. Being a successful businessperson or manager does not make a person a good leader. Just because someone is assigned a formal leadership role does not guarantee that the person will be the only leader of the group, or will become effective in the said role, as evidenced in the aforementioned example. A top level manager like Jager that has considerable authority but lacked leadership qualities is likely to be less effective than a supervisor with little authority but a high degree of qualities. People in formal leadership positions may wield force or authority using only their position and the resources and power that come with it, but never get the cooperation that people who exercise both formal and informal leadership at the same time. Informal leadership can be valuable assets to an organization’s formal leadership, and they can use their influence to work with the goals of the organization. In this light, giving managers formal authority is less important than ensuring that their expertise, creativity, initiative and interpersonal skills infuse organizational improvement efforts. Further, while most open-minded formal leaders believe in their own importance, seeing themselves as central to the health of the organization, they do not always regard it as essential that they review either their role or organizational convictions. Furthermore, strictly formal organizations can seldom define all the possible variations of responsibility and personal interaction to be expected of all members in all situations. Nevertheless, organizations appear to be founded upon a basic system of stable expectations regarding differential responsibilities and relationships among the members. This is not a one-way process. That is, it is not the organization alone which sets up role expectations for its members. The members set up expectations for each other and for the organization as a whole. Moreover, while group members can agree upon which members hold the position of leader, the inconsistencies between such agreement and the attempts to evaluate leadership in terms of group productivity is evidently due to a low correlation between actually influential behavior and formal leadership status. In conclusion, it would be highly beneficial for an organization if members think of leadership as a behavior, not a formal role, as it will extend the capability for leadership behaviors to all organizational members and call for a change in how the organization approaches leadership development, which then should focus beyond managers or future managers to include all organizational members. Such a conception of leadership does not require that the functions of leadership be vested in one person. Any person who influences the group is playing a leader’s role and in this sense several individuals may be viewed as leaders at different times. In this paper, it is accepted that leadership may shift among group members depending upon the situations confronted by the group. Formal leaders, then, are office holders elected to play the most influential roles most of the time. The informal or effective leaders are the individuals who in fact do play the most influential roles most of the time. Those in formal leadership positions may have final authority, but others, within their own more constrained domains, will still need to draw on virtually the same set of leader attributes. These other’ leaders support the organizational leadership and extend the reach of those in formal leadership positions. Their leadership is manifest through their ability to work effectively with others, derive consensus, take initiative, question, and propose. These forms of participation in leadership are rarely considered as leadership per se, especially from traditional (i. . , narrow) perspectives. Rather than viewing leadership as the province of a few elites that have formal leadership role designations, an alternative perspective of this paper views leadership as an outcome of effective social structures and processes. It is the aggregate ability to create shared work that is meaningful to people and to add value to an organization. From this latter perspective, everyone can and should participate in both formal and informal leadership.

Love Is a Fallacy Revision

Laken Sutton serve 20, 2013 English 102 Gompf Revised Paper Wo hands vs. lovemaking is a F eitheracy Love is a Fallacy is often viewed as an anti-wowork force story. To many a(prenominal) this piece exploits egg-producing(prenominal)s by insulting women employ stereotypes that have been around for a broad time. The female sex, as a whole, has been trash to overcome these degrading assumptions. This story offices a girl named Polly to display all women. She depicts them as ignorant and gullible individuals. During the Story, Polly is treated same an prey or mere possession, rather than a human being with emotions, ideas, and thoughts of her own.The men focus mainly on her physical dish antenna. They besides suggest that she could be trained, in the same way wild animals atomic number 18 usually trained, to think and comport for herself. The pole of the story leads you to commit that Polly, still representing women, is single interested in shallow real items when choosing relationships. The men in this story argon shown in a way that makes them search superior to women using intelligence, wittiness, and patience on with physical and material puffiveness. In the low gear of Love is a Fallacy, the twain men make a pickle to trade Polly as if they owned or had rights to her.What is even worse than the act itself is the object she is being traded for, a hide rise. This implies that Polly is precisely worth a delectation little, stinky, old fur coat. When evaluating her worth, the man judges her physical beauty and how useful she could be to him. He past decides to take her on as a project for him to improve. Then to show Pollys ignorance, the writer has her follow the man to be trained or taught to think. As he instructs her and becomes increasingly rude and impatient with Polly, she continues to use ignorant phrases and gestures to comply with the mans commands and to please him.In the end, even though Polly stands up for herself and uses his teachings against him, she still is only speaking from what he had taught her and not from her own thoughts. This gives the illusion that women rout out be taught, by men, to think and act a particular way. Polly then chooses to look one of the men who treated her as a mindless objected because he owns a popular coat (the fur coat that he traded for her in the beginning). This leads the audience to believe that Polly, still representing women, is only interested in material things and doesnt mind how she is precious or treated.Women should find this story precise insulting. For so long, women have fought to overcome these stereotypes. The female sex has always been judged based all on their gender. A woman was taught to attract a man and begin a family. Once you had a husband, as a woman, your only priorities should have been to cook, clean, and c are-give. Woman were also seen as ignorant pieces of property. Woman had to shake up to work, get good jobs, vote, and so a good deal more to prove their equality to men. hands were always seen in the same way as the two men in this story. The two in this tale are extremely shallow, egotistical, and ride.This is not true for all men, only the older stereotypes set men and women as opposites. Women should be meek, stupid, kind, and proper. Men should be opinionated, intelligent, stern, and in control. These are almost make do opposites. Now it is accepted that woman and men are all different and in so far equal. This story is rude to both sexes, but is harsher on the role of women. The women are seen in this story as objects that can be trained, traded, or owned. This could be obviateed using a clearly satire atmosphere, or less extreme depictions of the female sex.This story was, however, real informative (for a student such(prenominal) as myself) learning to construct arguments correctly. careless(predicate) of the anti-female message, Love is a Fallacy is stainless to teach fallacies. Shulma ns story gives a actually blunt and clear rationality to the definition and purpose of fallacies. It also gives very good examples of how to, or not to, use them in an argument. These tips can help a learning audience identify and avoid fallacies that would weaken their argument. This being true does not excuse the rude insulting exclusion of women.

Licensed Casino Gambling Essay

Individual effectuate Is looseness by and large harmful to the exclusive risk taker? Yes * Gambling is reason outless matter and reckless and should, indeed, be ad fairish by the government. There whitethorn be the disaster of growning a big prize, but the overtake likelihood is that a encounterr exit resort nones. This is ensured by the fact that Casinos be profit-minded organizations, and calculate their odds so that they will incessantly mention a profit. Be acquire gamblers ar always likely to lose and incur as a result, the action mechanism merchantman be seen in galore(postnominal) ways as an irrational engagement.Gambling attracts multitude with little m aney who argon expectantr-than-life for a windfall. These are the tribe who can least afford to lose money. They should be protected from the temptation to gamble. No argumentation that the general individual losings from playing period are justified by it being a maneuver and leisurely acti vity worth paying for Gamblers distinguish that, boilers suit, they are likely to lose money. They gamble beca utilization it is a leisure pursuit that they revere.There is nonhing irrational about this. Some tidy sum get an gratifying thrill from the remote possibility that they might win a huge prize even if they lose, they jollify the experience. Some forms of free rein are highly sociable. For example, many people go to bingo halls to drop off clip with friends. Society accepts people dischargeing (wasting?) money on other leisure pursuits with no stuff benefits (e.g. cinema tickets, watching sport) playing period should not be any different. It is patronizing to suggest that people, including those on first base incomes, should not be able to choose how they spend their money. * Psychological benefits of playing period Some argue that sport offers psychological benefits. The psychological benefits may include 1. A feeling of control (which some describe as God -like). 2. Confidence that extends from feelings of executive control in decision- reservation. 3. Benefits in the ability to psycho-analyze other peoples thoughts, and placing moneyed interests and incentives behind the results of such psycho-analysis.1 4. Total engagement and peak experience. It reiterates the gambler with peak experience, that godlike feeling when all of ones physical and worked up senses are go.2 5. The unload from daily tension.6. Feelings of exercising the adventurer within us that berth of ourselves which lusts for change, the wooing of the unknown, change, danger, all that is newIt is part of what makes us human.3 7. Feelings of engaging in a ubiquitous, diachronic human tradition. 8. Emotions of non-conformity and freedom. One source quoted a gambler who said, All day long you do what them tiresome bastard supervisors tell you. Dont make no difference whether it makes sense or not. sometimes you just gotta get out of line.4 * Gambling change magnit udes individual efficiency Studies show that, contrary to popular belief, swordplay is by and large beneficial to the gambler and increases alternatively than decreases his efficiency. It is beneficial in that it stimulates, offers hope, allows decision making, and, in many cases, Crime effects Does bid cause an increase in various kinds of related criminal activities? EditYes * Casinos are often associated with criminal activity. Drug dealers and prostitutes operate sound gambling casinos they know that there are a large number of potential clients in the area.Casinos can therefore be devastating to neighborhoods. EditNo * mass committing crimes should be prosecuted. The creation of criminals does not make nearby businesses (including casinos) dissipated. It is perverse to penalise people who just want to gamble (and not take drugs or use prostitutes) by pickings away their chance to do so. Bad perseverance? Are casinos an industry with bad merit? Is nothing of value ad duced by casinos? Yes * Casinos dont produce any crossing Many contend that gambling is inappropriate because it does not generate any material product. One commentators says that gambling is an ethereal stuba biological substancethat produces highsgenerated usually by prospect.5 No * Contention that casinos are involved in the recreation business, and need not produce a real(a) product Gambling is a form of entertainment that is similar to many other forms of entertainment the documentary is merely to foster a desired emotional response from the audience. Movies, theater, fair-grounds, concerts, sporting-events, and casinos are all similar in that their primary function is to foster an environment of entertainment.That is their product, which need not be physical in order to be spateed as valuable. Addiction Is gambling comm solitary(prenominal) addictive, and would this be a reason for modulate it? Yes * Gambling is addictive. Many people end up gambling to try to recover money they oblige already lost. This is known as chasing losses. It results in people staking much and more money, most of which they will lose. Gambling addicts often turn to crime to head for the hills their addiction. Addiction is highly damaging to families, since gamblers will spend whatever money they can on gambling. mickle start to gamble without thinking that they will puzzle habituate. Once they become addicted, it is too late. As with drugs, it is disclose to ban gambling to stop people acquire started in the first place. * Analogy that gambling in truth is like a drug, and should be treated as a controlled substance * It is drug-like in the way that it dramatically utilizes human chemicals William M. Thompson, Gambling A Controlled pump, phosphate buffer solution Interview, 1994 Is the comparison of drugs and gambling unfair? Consider the speech communication of Thomas R. OBrien, formerly Director of manoeuvre Enforcement for the state of New Jersey. In 19 84 he told a conference on gambling that the success of Atlantic City was tied to how well it sold its only products.He then said That product is not entertainment or recreation or leisure. Its really adrenaline a biological substance capable of producing excitementhighs and generated usually by anticipation or expectation of a future event, especially when the outcome of that event is in doubt. According to brain regulator of the industry, gambling was not only a drug, but a mind-altering drug. * The addictive and insalubrious nature of gambling is also drug-likeWilliam M. Thompson, Gambling A Controlled Substance, phosphate buffer solution Interview, 1994 Where governments do not prohibit, the absolute majority can exercise self-control. Seventy-five part gamble responsibly. They find it an entertaining diversion. But another 20 percent overindulge. They incur debts that impair abilities to support their families, unless they stop. unremarkably they can. Four percent cannot stop without intervention of others. past there are the one-half to one percent (and these are conservative estimates) who fall into destructive behaviors when undecided to gambling. Families are destroyed, friendships broken, employment disrupted. Cycles of deception and crime turn over to ruined livesand in many cases, suicide. No * Contention that gambling is not physically addictive dissimilar drugs, gambling is not physically addictive. It is only psychologically addictive in some people. Only a small percentage of gamblers down an addiction. Many more get enjoyment from gambling without problems why should these people suffer because a few others get addicted? The risks of gambling addiction are well known. People can make a conscious plectron to start gambling, and are aware of the risks of addiction. Treatment programmes can address the problems of those who are addicted. Economic harm? Do casinos casinos cause economical harm or provide very few economic benefits? Y es * The long-term economic negatives outweigh the short-term economic gains tin warren Kind, The phone line-Economic Impacts of Licensed Casino Gambling in westside Virginia Short-Term Gain but long pang, PBS, 1994 While the dollars invested in various legalized gambling projects and the jobs ab initio created are evident, the industry has been criticized for inflating the positive economic impacts and trivializing or ignoring the negative impacts (Goodman 1994).The industrys tendency to snap on specialized factors provides a distorted view of the localized economic positives, while ignoring the strategic business-economic cost to the state as a whole (such as West Virginia) and to different regions of the United States (California Governors Office 1992, Kindt 1995). In 1994, all of the various experts who testified to begin with the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Small Business criticized the impacts that casino-style gambling activities inflict upon the crim inal justice system, the fond welfare, system, small businesses, and the economy (Congressional Hearing 1994). Utilizing legalized gambling activities as a strategy for economic development was soundly dis addressed during the hearing. * The actual economic benefits of casinos are exaggerated. They generally only create low-paid jobs for local people the casino companies usually bring in managers from elsewhere. * There are too many economic externalities surrounding gambling, which extirpate the benefits * Crime * Risky behavior Compulsive gambling may foster poor, sometimes risky money-management habits. These habits may transfer over to other areas of the economy, where risky behaviors translate into a higher likelihood of loss in various markets.* Time consumption Compulsive gambling often entails significant time consumption, which detracts from more arable ends. * Jobs could be created through many other industries that cause fewer moral and practical problems (e.g. the me parks). * either economic benefits would not matter, if the industry is deemed immoral * Estimated losses from compulsive gambling William M. Thompson, Gambling A Controlled Substance, PBS Interview, 1994 Conservative numbers suggest it be society $13,000 per year for each compulsive gambler. The losses include treatment costs, lost productivity, criminal activity and judicial costs. Estimating that widespread gambling across the States would create one million compulsive gamblers, the resulting one-year economic loss would exceed $13 billion. No * Casinos cause money to be spent on transport infrastructure, which is very beneficial to economies * Casinos help the tourism industry of a place The jobs are not just in the casino itself. More jobs are created in hotels and other parts of the tourism industry. * Examples in which casinos feed helped to regenerate many places that previously had sizable poverty and social problems * Atlantic City. * New Jersey.* Legalized gambli ng on reservations is very important to Native American nations Anthony Pico, Chairman of the Viejas Indians, explains the benefits to his tribe of legalized gambling on his tribes reservation in a PBS interview.6 Social welfare effects Are the harmonic generations from gambling substantial, and can this go toward justifying their existence? Yes * It is immoral for the state or charities to mount money by exploiting peoples stupidity and greed. * Gambling is regressive (this means that the poor pay a greater proportion of their income in impose than the rich). This is because poor people are more likely to gamble. Regressive revenue is deeply unfair. * Legalized gambling activities act as a regressive tax on the poor (Clotfelter and fix 1989).Specifically, the legalization of various forms of gambling activities makes poor people poorer and can dramatically intensify many pre-existent social-welfare problems. Demographic analyses reveal that certain disadvantaged socioeconomic groups tend to gamble proportionately greater amounts of their overall income and marketing efforts, particularly by state lotteries, have allegedly been directed at these target groups. John Warren Kind, The Business-Economic Impacts of Licensed Casino Gambling in West Virginia Short-Term Gain but Long-Term Pain, PBS, 1994 * Contention that knowledge is harmed by gambling practices Kind, PBS, 1994 Legalized gambling activities also negatively affect education both philosophically and fiscally (Better Government affiliation 1992 Clotfelter and Cook 1989).Adherence to a philosophy of making a living via gambling activities not only abrogates the perceived need for an education, but also reinforces economically unproductive activities (and is statistically impossible since the house always wins eventually). In states with legalized gambling activities which were initiated allegedly to bolster tax revenues to education, the funding in real dollars has almost uniformly decreased. N o * Gambling is often used to raise money for the state or good causes. Charities use prize draws to raise funds Should online gambling be banned?Yes * Internet gambling is especially dangerous. individual can become addicted very considerably they dont even need to pull up stakes their home. This also means that they are gambling in private. They may therefore be less loath(p) to wager very large sums they cannot afford. It is very ponderous to know the identity of an online gambler there have been several cases of people (including children) using stolen credit card game to gamble online. Online gambling may be unspoken to control but that is not a reason to try making an activity more herculean to pursue will still reduce the number of those who take it up.It is not impossible to put sound deterrent steps in place, such as the recent US ban on American banks processing credit card payments to internet . No * It is impossible to stop online gambling. When it has been ban ned, people have just used sites based in other countries. It is remediate to legalize and regulate online gambling than to drive gamblers to poorly-regulated alien operators. Regulation can reduce the problems identified by the proposition. For example, online gamblers can be required to give individualised details when registering (e.g. occupation, income). If this information suggests they are spending more than they can afford, the company can block their credit card. In any case, most online gamblers do not get addicted. Why should they be denied an activity that they enjoy?